History of Islam Sciences(Taqi al-Din al-Shami)

Taqi al-Din

Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn maarof Shami (1526 Damascus, Syria - 1585). The Ottoman military works, one of the Arab Muslims who had taken all of science: the scientist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer and inventor, and maker of clocks and watches, mathematically and physically, agricultural experts and criminally, a doctor and a pharmacist, a Muslim ruler and maintained for Prayer in the mosque, a Muslim philosopher and author theology, and school teacher. Was the author of more than 90 books on various topics, which include: astronomy, astrology, clocks, engineering, mathematics, mechanics, optics, natural philosophy; Despite this, the only 24 books had been saved from these books. Has been appreciated and widely known because of his reputation, which was contemporary scholars of his time in the Ottoman Empire as the greatest the world on the earth.

Described one of his books: High road machinery in spirituality in 1551, describes the essential parts, which consists of steam turbines, the steam engine, earlier this most important and famous discovery of steam power by Giovanni Branca in 1629. Taqi al-Din was also known for his invention the pump cylinder six years in 1559, and his invention of various types of micro-hours (including the first mechanical alarm clock, and the first astronomical clock going strong spring, and the first wristwatch calculated time in minutes, and the first clock that calculates the time in minutes and seconds), so of the year in 1556 to 1580, and the early invention of the telescope for some time before the year in 1574, and created the Observatory astronomer Taqi al-Din Istanbul in the city of Istanbul in 1577, and his astronomical there until 1580.

Biography

Taqi al-Din was born in 1521 AD in the city of Damascus, Syria, who studied in Damascus, Cairo, Istanbul and became a judge, and his words Muslim and kept for Prayer in the mosque, and a teacher at the school for some time; while the publication in some scientific books during this time. In 1571, he moved to Istanbul to become a staff astronomer at the court of Sultan Selim II, Ruler of the Ottoman Empire. When he died of Sultan Selim II, and the Crown on the Throne: Sultan Murad III, Taqi al-Din was persuaded to donate to build a new observatory on the basis that it will help in the development of accurate astrological predictions. The project began in 1575 AD, and completed construction in 1577 AD; about the same time of the completion of construction of an observatory of the world Ooraniburg Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe. This became known as the Observatory Taqi al-Din Istanbul Astronomical Observatory, which was built to compete with Oolog Peak Astronomical Observatory in the city of Samarkand. Astronomical Observatory in the new Justice Taqi al-Din Zij astronomical tables of old, and specifically connubial Royal Oolog Beck;, which describes the movements of the sun and the moon and the stars and planets. In any case, within months of the completion of the Astronomical Observatory, Taqi al-Din saw the emergence of the comet, but believed that the comet appeared a herald good; and predicting the triumph of the Ottoman army. This prediction was wrong, and for this reason: the view of the Sultan that it is pointless to be working from the use of the observatory he decided to destroy it to save money to spend on the war effort. The only observatory to earth in the year 1580

Mechanical Works

Taqi al-Din wrote the following in the literature on the mechanics:

1. Planets are rare in the development of Alpennekmat periodic (in 1556 or 1559): It is the first book Ottoman talking about self-propelled machines. Taqi al-Din discussed the various types of mechanical watches, from the viewpoint of engineering perspective - automated.

2. Hours in the science of water: Book of Hours of water.

3. Road Commissioner in Spiritual Machines (1551): The book covers six chapters, which speaks on topics water clocks, machines and lifting weights, machines and lifting water, fountains and brass band music in successive play, kettle drums, and irrigation equipment, and aerosols self-movement, which works strongly steam. Taqi al-Din focused on the structural engineering - mechanical hours that have already been tested by the brothers Moses and Aljzari, and a description of the water pump lifting the six-cylinder, and some machines for lifting weights, and the primitive model for steam turbine as the main engine of Sprayer self-rotation.

4. Message in the work of the balance of the doctor: a book about the balance of fluids, and weights and measures, and specific weight of materials. Book Description Scale Archimedes and the rest of the machines that physicists invented by Muslims.

Road Commissioner in Spiritual Machines

• Vapor turbine, vaporizer self-propelled, steam crane

In 1551, Taqi al-Din invented a primitive model of steam turbine as a key driver for the first Sprayer self-rotation, which works strongly steam, smoke and flying. Taqi al-Din completed writing his book: Roads Commissioner in machinery spiritual year 1551 AD (959 AH). Books Taqi al-Din says: "Part VI: the manufacturing vaporizer which carries meat over fire so that it is about the same strength without any animal. Has been done by people in many ways, and one of these ways is to put the wheel of a number of blades at the end of vaporizer, and the adverse to place the wheel hollow pitcher made of copper with a closed and filled with water. Find the pitcher mouth opposite the wheel blades. Sets fire to the pitcher under the steam begins sprung from its crater restricted, going to run feather the wheel. When the pitcher becomes empty of water, bring near the cold water in a pot Find ceramic and crater pitcher immersed in cold water. Attraction will cause the heat all the water in a ceramic pot into the pitcher, and begin the management of steam feather wheel again. "

• Six-cylinder pump (single cluster)

Taqi al-Din invented the pump is also six-cylinder engine (single cluster), the first machine has been described in his book: Roads Commissioner in machinery spirituality. Powered water pump - including components involved in the installation of the machine asked: valves, pipes and suction pipes and distributed, and the piston rods of lead weights, and cranes objecting endings cuneiform, and the camshaft on the axis of the scoop wheel and orbit water. Also used a mechanism related to the penis shaft crankshaft as well, which are similar to those pump-cylinder twin pistons supplied with mutual suction tubes, which was invented by former Aljzari in the year in 1206. Also included a pump Taqi al-Din single cluster on the vacuum as well, which is similar to the weight of the bullet is moving upwards, and pulling him the piston, the vacuum thus created which absorbs water through a valve to not see my tongue around a cylinder piston

Planets are rare in the development of Alpennekmat periodic

• Alarm clocks mechanical

Invented the first mechanical clock alarm by Taqi al-Din. And description the alarm clock in the book: “Planets are rare in the development of Alpennekmat periodic", was published in 1556 AD or 1559 AD. Was able to watch alarm sounding in the time allotted, which was achieved by placing a wedge on the wheel disc on the time that he wants to hear one time and also by the production of a bell ding automation and resonance that starts on the time allotted

• Astronomical time managed a strong spring of water

Taqi al-Din invented the first astronomical clock run strongly fountain. This is also one of the first mechanical watches are managed strongly fountain, and created almost at the same time, who created the Peter Hinlen time also, the year in 1556.

• Pocket Watch strongly managed water fountain

Taqi al-Din also invented the first pocket watches, which run strongly fountain, after a short period of innovation similar to the hour by Peter Hinlen in the year in 1524. In any event, it is an hour Taqi al-Din the first hour measuring time in minutes, by incorporating the three-wheeled rotary for hours, degrees and minutes.