New Science cyclone interested in all types of science, history, evolution and science Strange Things
As is also interested in the offer excerpts from the lives of scientists, for the reader to recognize the most important influences in the personality of the world through the ages
The film is produced channel RTL, German, talk about achievements and scientific inventions of Muslim Scholars, and Europeans may have stolen and translated into the languages and make use of them and deliberately hide the sources of Islamic real, and write European sources instead, which is the largest thefts in history The film shows how the Muslim scholars proficient in all areas, including medicine to carry out complex surgical operations, while the Church in Europe the Dark Ages, dealing with epilepsy patients, for example the patient's head shaved and Cross Tattoo on the head!!!!Reveals this wonderful movie about the virtues of Islamic civilization to the world and threw light on many of the science and inventions that were discoverers Muslim scholars, as well as exposing the Iestela Western sciences and discoveries was credited with the first and last yet a God of the Muslim scholars and all of this admittedly Germans (and saw A witness from her family). The movie also:
Battle of Hattin and tactical military genius of Saladin.
The invention of safe and magnifying glass.
The invention of the first bomb and the first tank missile and the first Muslim.
Construction of the first water system up and disposal of all the houses in the cities, through the pump screw.
The invention of medical devices including a device for measuring the amount of blood emanating from the artery.
The first atom scientist dubbed the Egyptian-Arab and Corey
Mays on behalf of the East, the first lecturer in the Faculty of Science, Fouad
I University (now CairoUniversity).
Samira Moussa was born in March 3, 1917, the village of Grand Center Senbo
Zefta, where he learned since childhood to read and write, and preserved parts
of the Koran, as they were fond of reading newspapers and has a strong memory,
entitling them to save the thing as soon as read.
After moving with her father to Cairo,
I went to school, "Palace of Desire"
primary, "the girl's school supervision" secondary special and is
built on the establishment and management "Prophet Moses" women's well-known
political activist.
In 1932 Samira draws a book in the simplification of algebra to her colleagues
in the study, which is in the first grade secondary school, and got first place
in the baccalaureate-level Egyptian country in 1935.
I went to university and graduated at the Faculty of Sciences in 1939, cum
laude with honors, and objected to the university administration on her
appointment as Lecturer. Where it was not yet decided on the appointment of
women faculty, but Dr. Ali supervisor first Egyptian he is dean of the Faculty
of Science insisted on the appointment and threatened to resign from the
university if it does not, assembled the Council of Ministers issued a resolution
set in the university.
I got a master's degree from Cairo
on the subject entitled "Reaching out to the greenhouse gases" with
distinction, and then traveled on a mission to Britain,
studied the nuclear radiation, and obtained a doctorate in "X-rays and
their impact on various materials" and the duration of the mission three
years.
But managed to get a doctorate in less than two years, was the first Arab woman
to get this class, which they called "Miss Corey," The Egyptian, and
used the remainder of the mission in the study of maize and can be used for
peaceful purposes and treatment. And she said: "I will address the
maize aspirin such as medical treatment."
I got a scholarship to study corn in the United States in 1951 at the
University of California, showed Genius unrivaled in its research, and allowed
her to visit the secret lab corn in the United States, and received offers to
get the American nationality and remain in the United States, but refused to do
so and confirmed that they will return to Egypt.
Samira Moussa was the participation in public affairs in Egypt,
participating in student demonstrations in 1932, and participated in the
Assembly of the students of general education which aimed to eradicate
illiteracy in the countryside, and was a member of the Association for the
Advancement of social and for Save the Children displaced.
Samira Moussa died first Egyptian scientist atom in a mysterious car in the United
States in August 5, 1952 at the age of 35 years.
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn
Idris al-Sharif Al-Idrisi AL-Sharifi, or Arab world ends attributed to Hassan
ibn Ali and Fatima al-Zahra Daughter of Mohammed bin Abdullah peace be upon
him, hence the title for Shareef attributed to the Messenger of God.
Coordinates of a senior in history and founders of the science of geography, as
he wrote in history, literature, poetry, and plant and studied philosophy, medicine,
and the stars, in Cordoba,
Born in the city of Ceuta in Morocco in 493 AH (1100 AD) and died in 559 AH in 1166,
Learning Albelq and toured the country visited the Hijaz (Saudi Arabia) and
Egypt. Reached the coast of France and England Traveled to Constantinople and
the shores of Asia Minor, He lived a while in Sicily and as a guest of king
Roger II, left at the end of his days, to return to his home town of Ceuta,
where he died.
Drawings and maps used in other statements of the European Renaissance. Where
in order to identify trends in upland rivers and lakes, and also including
information on major cities in addition to the borders of States
Idrissi chose to move to Sicily
after the fall of the Islamic government, because the King Norman at the time
"Roger II" was a lover of knowledge. Explanation Idrisi for Roger
space land in the site using the egg to represent the earth, semi-Idrissi Earth
Center for Egg surrounded by Egg whites just as she roams the earth in the sky
surrounded by galaxies.
The king Roger II of Sicily has
money to work engraved map of the world, known as the "registration
plate" on a circle of silver. On one occasion he described the development
of the Sudan,
and the status of cities such as "sites quite accurately, as it is on the
ground, although it was only by listening to some of the stories and words. Idrissi
use latitude or horizontal lines on the map and the globe that manufacture, the
meridians used by him only to re-Idrissi audited to explain the difference
between the classes. Destroyed the ball during the civil unrest in Sicily
after the death of the King "Roger II"
Select the source of River Nile, Al-Idrisi, in a particular location point of
intersection of River Nile under the equator, and this is the correct location.
Egypt before entering the tributaries of the River Nile meet in Khartoum, Sudan,
the Nile River is formed from two rivers are the White Nile and Blue Nile are
the rivers through the territory of the Sudan and meet in Khartoum, which lies
under the equator. That the location of the River Nile eliminates the Ptolemaic
theory that the source of River Nile is a hill in the moon
Titles
Shareef title on account of the Messenger of Allah Muhammad,
peace and blessings of his daughter Fatima Zahra no peace.
Adjective al-skulai to the island of Sicily,
he took his place after the fall of the Islamic State.
And the title of the Arabs strap on proportion of the large geographical Greco
Strapon. And Mustafa Al-Idrisi
His
Al- Idrissi, his famous (Excursion of the longing in crossing
horizons) also called (Book Rjar) or (Alrjari book) because Rjar King is the
King of Sicily, who asked him as she is the author asked him to make a ball of
silver engraved with a picture of the seven regions, and said that the Chamber
Silver crashed in the revolution was in Sicily, after a short time to complete
it, or the book it has become the most famous monuments of Arabic geographical,
according to information from the Europeans on the great Levant, as reported by
him to the Orientals, he took him two and transferred maps, and some sections
translated into different languages.
In the year that set the book known as Al-Idrisi, the king died Rjar Gliam or
succeeded by Wilhelm I, and remained on its position in the IDRISI tiles, and
he composed another book of the king called in geography (Rod company,
self-outing) or (Book kingdoms and routes), but did not know him online This
manuscript is in the library Hakim oglu Ali Pasha in Istanbul. Idrissi said the
book as well as called in the vocabulary (the whole plant to the attributes of
sundries), and reminded him another book entitled (Lance Uprooted and Rod
El-Farag).
Is Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, and engineer, who died in the optical e 430, was born in Basra in 354 AH probably. He moved to Egypt, where he stayed until his death. According to the book (news wise) for Al-gafti on the lips of Ibn al-Haytham: (if you worked in Egypt for its achievement pursuant to get benefit in each of the cases of the increase and decrease). Bringing saying this to the ruler of Egypt, the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim, so he sent him some money secretly, and asked him to come to Egypt Ibn al-Haytham Patriarch agreed to the request and traveled to Egypt, where the Governor ordered him to accomplish what God promised. Ibn al-Haytham began to study the river along its course, and what amounted to descend near Aswan Nile water goes into it in all its aspects, he realized that he was delusional and hasty in what he claimed estimated and that he is unable to fulfill his promise. Then returned to the Governor, apologizing for God, before the excuse and otherwise one of the seats However, Ibn al-Haytham thought the ruling pretended satisfaction satisfied, it was feared that Liquide him, and pretended to go mad, and persisted in the demonstration until the death of the Fatimid period. After his death, he returned to pretend madness, and out of his home, and dwelt on the door of the Dome of the Al-Azhar mosque, rolled up the rest of his authors and investigators and researchers in the fields of science, was his tremendous achievements.
And is described by Ibn Abi Usaibia in his book (the eyes of the news in the layers of doctors) says: (Ibn al-Haytham was the preferred defense, a strong intellect, broad knowledge, not matched by one of the people of his time in sports science, and some of it. He was always engaging, many of classification, a multitude asceticism ...).
Ibn al-Haytham large number of books covering various purposes of science The most important of these books: Book of Optics, Book of the Whole of the assets of the account, the user account transactions, the authors explain the origins of Euclid in geometry and number, the user in the analysis of engineering problems, the book forms the Crescent, an article in the analysis and synthesis, an article in circles Brcar bone, an article in properties of the triangle on the column, an article in the light, an article in the Holocaust mirrors, an article in the mirrors of the Holocaust Chambers, an article in the ball of the Holocaust, an article on how the shadows, an article in the Indian account, the question in the space, is of the ball, a book in the halo and the Rainbow , a picture book eclipse, the moon differing views, see the planets and the moon landscape, called the True account, altitudes of the planets, a book in the world. Some argue that Ibn al-Haytham to leave books in theology, medicine, philosophy, and others.
The Book of Optics was a revolution in the world of optics; Son of al-Haytham did not adopt the theories of Ptolemy being suck by some modification, but rejected a number of theories in the science of light, after reaching new theories became the nucleus of modern optics. We are trying to stop at the following main views contained in the book:
• Ptolemy claimed that the vision is done by the radiation emitted from the eye to the visible object; Subsequent scholars have adopted this theory. As Ibn al-Haytham came to blow up this theory in the book scenes, he said that the vision is done by the radiation emitted from the visible object at eye sighted.
• After a series of tests conducted by Ibn al-Haytham showed that the optical beam spread in a straight line within the central homogeneous.
• Ibn al-Haitham discovered the phenomenon of reflection of light, and the phenomenon of turning light any deviation from the photo place in the event of the passage of light rays in the center to the center of a particular non-homogeneous with him. The smaller the hole, if passed light rays in accordance with the angle from the center to the center of another non-homogeneous with him.
• Development of Ibn al-Haytham research in relation to zoom lenses, and thus paved the way for the use of lenses in dealing with various eye defects.
• The most important achievements of Ibn al-Haitham eye autopsy, it was explained fully, and the functionality of each section.
Reached Ibn al-Haytham to find his way that they are sight sighted, if they wanted to compare the two bodies after one of his eyesight is not connected by an object is visible, it would seem that his two closest is run, and the longer is the closest. For example, if he was standing in a vast plain extends to the horizon, and if see the city in the horizon (ground up the body of a visual tool sight in the city), and if he sees at the same time overlooking the moon over the mountain close to it (no visible body up sight tool the moon), the moon in this case seems closer to him and two of the city.
Abu Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Othman al-Azdi known as Ibn construction morocco (721 AH - 654 AH / 1321 to 1256) was a Muslim born in the city of Marrakech, known as the son of the building relative to the grandfather who Profession builder. Arab innovative in the science of benefits has emerged in particular in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, and science hidden, as well as in medicine.
Spent most of his life in his hometown of Marrakesh, and therefore attributed to it, and would have taught grammar, hadeeth and fiqh (science of the Islamic religion), and then went to Fez, and studied medicine, astronomy and mathematics. One of the teachers ibn makhlouf Sijilmassi astronomer, and ibn Hijleh mathematicians. The assessment of al-Banna was the son of the kings of the State Marinid in Morocco, who brings to Fez repeatedly. He died in the city of Marrakech in 721 AH / 1321.
Professors
Receiving an education in the era of the language and the law and jurisprudence in the cities of Marrakesh and Fez, at the hands of a group of modern scientists such as Abu Ishaq ibn Mansur, Abu Bakr Alwlosi, Abu Musa Alhernati. In astronomy, ibn Makhlouf Sijilmassi astronomer, In Fez, receiving an education in mathematics at the hands of his mentor, Ben Hijleh, and the back of his genius since an early age, focused his life to learn the mathematics of the expense and reparation and engineering.
Scientific Contributions
He quit mathematics earned him great popularity among his contemporaries, he received favors in the court of the state of Bani Marine in Fez was called to teach arithmetic, geometry, algebra. He was notorious for relying on the numbers, known Indian Baghabarip figures Andalusia known in Arabic, also known aspects of applied mathematics and music.
From the contributions of Ibn al-Banna in the account, it was explained theories difficult and intractable rules, and has extensive research on fractures, and establish rules for the collection of square numbers and cube, and a Base anonymous first-class to solve equations, business calculations, and enter some amendment to the method known as "accidentally" one and put this on the form of law.
It says in the Islamic knowledge that the Ibn al-Banna has outpaced the previous scholars of Islam in the east in mathematics, especially in the calculation of fractions.
His
Ibn al-Banna left us a number of books numbered eighty-two was the most composed in arithmetic, mathematics, geometry and algebra and astronomy, astrology, lost, mostly only a few of them, most notably:
Authors summarize the work of the account: recognize "Smith" and "Sarton" as one of the best books that appeared in the account. Western has been working to the end of the sixteenth century AD, and wrote many of the scholars of Islam explanations him, and I quote from Western scholars, and scientists interested in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Has been translated into French in 1864 by Marre, translated and published in Rome. Has re-translated into French, Dr. Mohamed Souissi, and then publish the text and translation with the provision and the achievement of the year 1969.
Articles in the account, an examination of whole numbers and fractions, roots and proportionality
Assets and advances in algebra and interview
Book chapters in his obligatory prayers
Message in the spaces
Book astrolabe and use
Book Alessara in the evaluation of the planets
Platform for the student to modify the planets has made the Spanish Orientalist Vernet Gens introduction to the book and some chapters were translated into Spanish in 1952
Book of the provisions of the stars
Message in the roots of the deaf and collected and presented
Measuring surfaces
Introduction to Euclid
Has been issued by Professors Mohamed reporting, Ahmed Jabbar book entitled "The Life and Works of Ibn al-Banna," a publication of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Mohammed V University in Rabat in 2001, contains a comprehensive inventory of his works
Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni Muslim scholar was born in a suburb of the capital Cath Khorezm (Uzbekistan) in September about a year (326 AH, 973 CE, he moved to Gorgan at the age of 25 about 388 e 962 AD where he joined the tiles Sultan Qaboos bin Abu Hassan and Shams Excellencies, first deployed there It was written by the lingering effects of centuries of free and when he returned to his right to a footnote Prince Abu'l Abbas Ma'mun ibn Ma'mun Khorezm Shah entrusted him with some political functions because of his tongue and fluent in the fall of the Emirate, however Bin Mahmoud Saboktakin Governor Aznpaam 407 e wrought with a range of scholars to his court and the dissemination of its author's second major achievement (What of India accepted the argument in the mind) other authors also wrote two major (law Masoudi) and (Explanation of the early mining industry) died in 440 AH, 1048) and called orientalists naming Ptolemy Arabs.
Scientific Contributions
Recognizes the contribution of Al-Biruni in the various sciences, the pinpoint longitude and latitude, and discussed the question of whether the earth revolves on its axis or not, and discuss the specific weight, density and accurately as 18 species of precious stones and metals, and concluded that the speed of light is greater than the speed of sound, as he explained how the natural springs and artesian wells on the principle of hydrostatic.
Al-Biruni was the brightest scholar of his time in mathematics also recognizes that, "Smith" in the first part of his book "History of Mathematics". And besides that dabble in astronomy, and discuss the world and the provisions of the stars, develop a method to extract the amount of the Earth known to Western scholars as the "base-Biruni"; described the phenomena of the aurora and eclipse of the sun and other natural phenomena, referring to the side of the earth's rotation on its axis. Also was familiar with the knowledge of trigonometry, one of those who discussed the tripartite division of the angle.
The most important books
What of India accepted the argument in the mind (by Dr. Edward Sgu University of Berlin)
Absorption in the internal pressure the ball
Reasoning to transmit the meanings of the illusion systems
The public to know the essences
Al-Biruni in this book explain the gems and precious metals and stones, is one of the first to develop the specific weight of some metals and precious stones, said that many of the precious gems in the color look-alikes. The description of precious stones such as pearl, sapphire, emerald, diamonds, turquoise, agate, coral and Aljst (quartz) and other precious stones. It was also metals such as mercury, gold, silver, copper, iron and lead
Book extract strings from the department, the properties of the curved line
Most of his books have been translated into French, German, and English, and published in the nineteenth and twentieth
The crank is the most important single mechanical device after the wheel. It transforms continuous rotary motion into a reciprocating one. Hand operated cranks were known for centuries, but the incorporation of a crank-connecting rod system in a rotating machine had a different story.
The invention of the crank-connecting rod system is considered by historians of technology to be the most important mechanical device of the early fifteenth century in Europe. Bertrand Gille says that this system was unknown before that date and this had considerably limited the applications of mechanization
Conrad Keyser (d. c. 1405) described in his book Bellifortis a hand mill operated by the crank and connecting rod system. But Francesco Giorgio Martini (1439-1502) in his Treatise on architecture illustrated a saw for timber driven by a water wheel in which the crank and connecting rod system was applied for the first time in a continuously rotating machine. (Fig 1).
Leonardo da Vinci (d. 1519) incorporated a crank and rod in his designs. Ramelli also used the crank-connecting rod in a pump in his book of 1588.
In 1206 the crank-connecting rod system was fully developed in two of al-Jazari’s water raising machines. This is about three centuries prior to Francesco di Giorgio Martini. In al-Jazari’s fourth machine (Fig 2) the draw bar of an animal rotates a vertical axle. On this axle is a gear wheel meshing at right angles with a second wheel mounted on a horizontal axle which has a crank fitted to it. The free end of the crank enters a connecting-rod under the channel of a flume-beam swapped the scoop of which is in a pool.
Al-Jazari’s fourth machine (Fig 2)
As the animal walks in a circle the horizontal axle is turned by the gears and the end of the crank slides in the hinged connecting rod causing it to oscillate around its hinge and thus causing the swapped to rise and fall. Fig 3 is a line drawing of the mechanism for this machine.
The other pump in which the crank-connecting rod system was used is al-Jazari’s piston suction pump (his fifth) which we discussed under the title The Origin of the Suction Pump in this site. We reproduce the illustration of this pump for convenience (Fig 4). We give also the illustration of a similar pump described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 A.D
Mohammed and Ahmed (Abu Jaafar), al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir, athletes and astronomers and practitioners tricks (mechanics), brothers Iranians, they lived in the ninth century AD, contact caliphate safe and excelled in the sciences, attracted around scientists, doctors and translators many.
Abu Jaafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shaker (before 803 to 873) has excelled in astronomy, engineering, geography and physics.
Ahmed bin Musa bin Shakir (803 to 873) has excelled in engineering and mechanics.
Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir (810 to 873) has excelled in engineering and geography.
Life of Benu Moses and taught them
His father Musa bin Shakir mines and in the service of Al-Maamon, when he became close connection with him and documented him Al-Maamon advised him before his death, his children, Ahmed and Mohamed Hassan, Recommended them Al-maamon to an astronomical in the House of Wisdom, Yahya ibn Abi Mansur, who taught mathematics, astronomy and science tricks (mechanics), Excelled Mohammed and Hassan - which informed them died 873 AD - in the first two (mathematics and astronomy), and excelled in the latter Ahmed (mechanics).
Banu Musa collect huge sums of money, and pulled around them, scientists, doctors, translators, many of them Honin ibn Ishaq, Thabit ibn Kora, and did not hoard something on science, and they Travel many of the Byzantine state to get on the books, and set up in the lavish palace in Baghdad observatory full and complete, and they had at the time of Al-Maamon tremendous influence, they are to be assigned projects astronomical, mechanical, translating books, and in turn commissioned by the them by.
Business
Having examined the Banu Musa in the centers of gravity, and identified ways to use the body weight of the laptop, any point that balance then the weight of the body and the cradle. And created a different method of dividing the angle into three equal sections, and the formation of elliptical shape two pin users and a string length equal to twice the length of the distance between the two pin and the Registry is moving at the end of the string stretched, as well as select the Banu Musa and scientists the House of Wisdom in Baghdad degree meridian (the circumference of the earth) was much higher precision, and chosen for this purpose a piece of flat in Sinjar desert, and Registered high Arctic at the point of their choice, and then hit the wedge, and they tied a long rope and marched northward until they reached a place of increased high pole height, the first degree is complete, they smite a new wedge, then measured the distance between the two wedges, and found that one-degree offset by a distance of 66 miles and two-thirds, and repeated this process in the south and found the same thing. In this way, unique set circumference of the earth slightly less than the amount it Aratostin in Alexandria 230 BC. Or about 24 thousand miles, and identified a tendency zodiac about 23 degrees and 35 seconds, and appreciated the initiative of the equinox and fifty four seconds, a little more than the truth.
Their books and their marks
It is almost impossible to separate the work of the Banu Musa separately, or on the work of their assistant’s scientists who have worked with them. Perhaps the most important successors translations of Archimedes is a book (on the measurement of flat and round shapes), translated by Gerardo of Cremona into Latin in the 12 century AD under the name (sayings of the Banu Shaker), and examined the most prominent leaders of the European renaissance such as Roger Bacon, and they, too (book tricks), sometimes called (tricks Banu Musa), which recently moved into English, this book is one of the first books written in Arabic in the science of tricks or mechanics, and with about a hundred in the installation of various mechanical means, and also have the book (in the centers of weightlifting), and (in the book scales gold), and (A book in the corner to the apportionment of the three sections), and (A book in an area of acre).
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn maarof Shami (1526 Damascus, Syria - 1585). The Ottoman military works, one of the Arab Muslims who had taken all of science: the scientist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer and inventor, and maker of clocks and watches, mathematically and physically, agricultural experts and criminally, a doctor and a pharmacist, a Muslim ruler and maintained for Prayer in the mosque, a Muslim philosopher and author theology, and school teacher. Was the author of more than 90 books on various topics, which include: astronomy, astrology, clocks, engineering, mathematics, mechanics, optics, natural philosophy; Despite this, the only 24 books had been saved from these books. Has been appreciated and widely known because of his reputation, which was contemporary scholars of his time in the Ottoman Empire as the greatest the world on the earth.
Described one of his books: High road machinery in spirituality in 1551, describes the essential parts, which consists of steam turbines, the steam engine, earlier this most important and famous discovery of steam power by Giovanni Branca in 1629. Taqi al-Din was also known for his invention the pump cylinder six years in 1559, and his invention of various types of micro-hours (including the first mechanical alarm clock, and the first astronomical clock going strong spring, and the first wristwatch calculated time in minutes, and the first clock that calculates the time in minutes and seconds), so of the year in 1556 to 1580, and the early invention of the telescope for some time before the year in 1574, and created the Observatory astronomer Taqi al-Din Istanbul in the city of Istanbul in 1577, and his astronomical there until 1580.
Biography
Taqi al-Din was born in 1521 AD in the city of Damascus, Syria, who studied in Damascus, Cairo, Istanbul and became a judge, and his words Muslim and kept for Prayer in the mosque, and a teacher at the school for some time; while the publication in some scientific books during this time. In 1571, he moved to Istanbul to become a staff astronomer at the court of Sultan Selim II, Ruler of the Ottoman Empire. When he died of Sultan Selim II, and the Crown on the Throne: Sultan Murad III, Taqi al-Din was persuaded to donate to build a new observatory on the basis that it will help in the development of accurate astrological predictions. The project began in 1575 AD, and completed construction in 1577 AD; about the same time of the completion of construction of an observatory of the world Ooraniburg Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe. This became known as the Observatory Taqi al-Din Istanbul Astronomical Observatory, which was built to compete with Oolog Peak Astronomical Observatory in the city of Samarkand. Astronomical Observatory in the new Justice Taqi al-Din Zij astronomical tables of old, and specifically connubial Royal Oolog Beck;, which describes the movements of the sun and the moon and the stars and planets. In any case, within months of the completion of the Astronomical Observatory, Taqi al-Din saw the emergence of the comet, but believed that the comet appeared a herald good; and predicting the triumph of the Ottoman army. This prediction was wrong, and for this reason: the view of the Sultan that it is pointless to be working from the use of the observatory he decided to destroy it to save money to spend on the war effort. The only observatory to earth in the year 1580
Mechanical Works
Taqi al-Din wrote the following in the literature on the mechanics:
1. Planets are rare in the development of Alpennekmat periodic (in 1556 or 1559): It is the first book Ottoman talking about self-propelled machines. Taqi al-Din discussed the various types of mechanical watches, from the viewpoint of engineering perspective - automated.
2. Hours in the science of water: Book of Hours of water.
3. Road Commissioner in Spiritual Machines (1551): The book covers six chapters, which speaks on topics water clocks, machines and lifting weights, machines and lifting water, fountains and brass band music in successive play, kettle drums, and irrigation equipment, and aerosols self-movement, which works strongly steam. Taqi al-Din focused on the structural engineering - mechanical hours that have already been tested by the brothers Moses and Aljzari, and a description of the water pump lifting the six-cylinder, and some machines for lifting weights, and the primitive model for steam turbine as the main engine of Sprayer self-rotation.
4. Message in the work of the balance of the doctor: a book about the balance of fluids, and weights and measures, and specific weight of materials. Book Description Scale Archimedes and the rest of the machines that physicists invented by Muslims.
In 1551, Taqi al-Din invented a primitive model of steam turbine as a key driver for the first Sprayer self-rotation, which works strongly steam, smoke and flying. Taqi al-Din completed writing his book: Roads Commissioner in machinery spiritual year 1551 AD (959 AH). Books Taqi al-Din says: "Part VI: the manufacturing vaporizer which carries meat over fire so that it is about the same strength without any animal. Has been done by people in many ways, and one of these ways is to put the wheel of a number of blades at the end of vaporizer, and the adverse to place the wheel hollow pitcher made of copper with a closed and filled with water. Find the pitcher mouth opposite the wheel blades. Sets fire to the pitcher under the steam begins sprung from its crater restricted, going to run feather the wheel. When the pitcher becomes empty of water, bring near the cold water in a pot Find ceramic and crater pitcher immersed in cold water. Attraction will cause the heat all the water in a ceramic pot into the pitcher, and begin the management of steam feather wheel again. "
Six-cylinder pump (single cluster)
Taqi al-Din invented the pump is also six-cylinder engine (single cluster), the first machine has been described in his book: Roads Commissioner in machinery spirituality. Powered water pump - including components involved in the installation of the machine asked: valves, pipes and suction pipes and distributed, and the piston rods of lead weights, and cranes objecting endings cuneiform, and the camshaft on the axis of the scoop wheel and orbit water. Also used a mechanism related to the penis shaft crankshaft as well, which are similar to those pump-cylinder twin pistons supplied with mutual suction tubes, which was invented by former Aljzari in the year in 1206. Also included a pump Taqi al-Din single cluster on the vacuum as well, which is similar to the weight of the bullet is moving upwards, and pulling him the piston, the vacuum thus created which absorbs water through a valve to not see my tongue around a cylinder piston
Planets are rare in the development of Alpennekmat periodic
Alarm clocks mechanical
Invented the first mechanical clock alarm by Taqi al-Din. And description the alarm clock in the book: “Planets are rare in the development of Alpennekmat periodic", was published in 1556 AD or 1559 AD. Was able to watch alarm sounding in the time allotted, which was achieved by placing a wedge on the wheel disc on the time that he wants to hear one time and also by the production of a bell ding automation and resonance that starts on the time allotted
Astronomical time managed a strong spring of water
Taqi al-Din invented the first astronomical clock run strongly fountain. This is also one of the first mechanical watches are managed strongly fountain, and created almost at the same time, who created the Peter Hinlen time also, the year in 1556.
Pocket Watch strongly managed water fountain
Taqi al-Din also invented the first pocket watches, which run strongly fountain, after a short period of innovation similar to the hour by Peter Hinlen in the year in 1524. In any event, it is an hour Taqi al-Din the first hour measuring time in minutes, by incorporating the three-wheeled rotary for hours, degrees and minutes.
Is Abu Ali al-Hussein bin Abdullah bin Hassan bin Ali bin Sina, known Muslim scholar in medicine and philosophy and worked with them. Born in the village (Ovcnp) near Bukhara (Uzbekistan) of the father of the city of Balkh (Afghanistan now) mother in a village 370 AH (980 AD) and died in the city of Hamedan (in Iran for now) in 427 AH (1037 AD). Known as the Sheikh, President and called the prince of Western doctors, Father of Modern Medicine. He has written 200 books on various subjects, many of which focus on philosophy and medicine. The Bin Sina is one of the first books on medicine in the world and I have followed the approach or method of Hippocrates and Galen. The most famous work was healing and book of the law in medicine.
Early life
Afshna born in a village close to the steam of August Balkhi, and his father to follow the esoteric, as Bin Sina was attending the secret meetings and hold some of them in his house and is keen to attend the Bin Sina and his brother to those meetings, and Avicenna was not satisfied. Gone to the city of Bukhara and there he joined the tiles Sultan bin Mansoracommani Noah, who was assigned the follow-up to financial business of the Sultan.
Steam began in Bin Sina flight sciences, memorize the Koran and age did not exceed the tenth and then receiving an education in jurisprudence, literature, philosophy and medicine.
Event that was submitted to the Bukhara a specialized science and philosophy of logic called "Abu Abdullah Naieli," a mystical philosophers, and hosting of Bin Sina's father and asked him to teach a thing of the Bin Sina Sciences, what was this world only to devote himself to the disciple, and took upon lessons of the Book of the entrance to the discipline of logic known as "Iisagoji." What was most impressive Naieli of the student and his grandfather, while answering questions logical conundrum correct answers to almost Ataktr on the minds of the teacher. Bin Sina and continued with a mentor until he left this teacher Bukhara.
Bin Sina began genius from a young age, as he tells it which did not exceed eighteen treatment Sultan Nuh bin Mansur al-Samani, and she was the golden opportunity that allowed by Bin Sina, joining the tiles and placed the Sultan own library at the disposal of Bin Sina
Peripatetic
Avicenna was a lover of travel, to seek knowledge, he moved to Khiva and stayed there ten years and then move between the country and then migrated to Hamadan and stayed there for nine years
Philosophical thought
The philosophical thought of Abu Ali Bin Sina's Thought for the extension of the Farabi Farabi was taken from natural philosophy and philosophy of the divine conception of any assets and perception of the existence and taken from him in particular, the theory of the breasts and developed the theory of self-defense which is what is meant for.
He was saying the same principles advocated by al-Farabi by him that the world is old and eternal uncreated, and God knows colleges, not the trees, and denied that objects are with life in the Day of Resurrection. Has kufr ideas as a result of this al-Ghazali in his book "savior of the misguided" and said the same information by Bin Katheer in the beginning and end (12/43). The son of Imad gold nuggets (3 / 237) that his "healing" is not included on the philosophy of it gladdens the heart of the devout. The Sheikh al-Islam said it was the esoteric Ismaili who is not Muslims or Jews or Christians.
He said the bin al-kaim in Cavite:
He spent that God makes creation * OR LACK unturned and the second presence
Throne and the Holy and life and property and * the spheres, the two satellites
Land and sea, but the other * universes of view, and the body
All perish purely * not stay the effect of the shade
And returns a perishing again* also exist purely one's time re -
This resurrection and that principle has been * with some and they ascribe it to Koran
This is what led the Bin Sina and al- alii * said to his article misbelieving
There is no doubt that the man was with a suspicious mundane, but it was heading towards its cautiously and deliberately. It was narrated by Bin Abi Usaibia student sincere who was accompanied 25 years: that Bin Sina addresses the desires of his share of the world, and that overindulgence in sex extravagance was partly due to the deterioration of his health, and that when he completed the lessons of the night brought medicine drink, musical instruments, dicing continued for hours
Definition of the same
Bin Sina's philosophical importance lies in his theory of self and ideas in the philosophy of self-introductions to Bin Sina's self is the beginning Aristotelians.
Bin Sina's definition of the same: the first self-completeness body naturally to a life force which is generated on the one hand (this is the principle of power generated) and over (this principle a pullulant force) and fed (this is the principle of force carbonated); all of what he calls self-Plant.
Completeness is the first to know what the particles are moving will and this is what he calls self-fauna. Completeness is the first to know what the colleges and reasonable choice of intellectual and this are what he calls the human soul. Explain the definition: that is, in the above definition that the soul at the Bin Sina 3 plant / animal / human. Completeness first: means the first principle of a life force: I mean we have an object ready to accept the natural life principles of self-plant: grow and breed and feed on plants and do more than that. Principles of animal psychology: aware of the particles (for example, aware of a snake in front of him / person in front of him) will move the will of any orientation (for example, the lion of his own possible to jump to humans and swallowing). The principles of the human soul: aware of the colleges, namely, freedom of choice of intellectual property that we have to choose between different alternatives.
Bin Sina's conception of the origin of self: 1 - where they came from / 2 - relationship to body self / 3 - the fate of the soul. Is unclear at the Bin Sina, but perhaps the poem is the kind that reflect more than others from Bin Sina's view on the three issues. Poem composed of 4 sections to read clear answer to the three previous questions.
Proofs of the existence of self-Bin Sina:
Bin Sina has demonstrated the existence of self by:
1 - natural proof: The proof relies on the principle of movement and which are of two types: - the movement of coercive: batch resulting from foreign object hit to Move it - a movement to Not coercive: This is This is a intended Bin Sina types: Including what happens on the appropriate nature Fall stone from top to bottom.. Of what is happening against the appropriate nature and here lies the "proof" as people who walk on earth, written for the weight of his body calling for sleep, the movement of anti-nature and its laws require a special engine, plus the elements of a moving object, namely, (self)
2 - proof of the psychological: The proof of the acts of this compassionate and understanding, man is characterized by an animal that wonder and laughing and crying, and that the most important properties: speech and the use of symbols, signs and recognize meanings abstract and extract the unknown is known. Such acts and conditions which are unique to the rights, which are not due to the body, but is an independent force as Bin Sina's nothing else you called self. It is this essence acting in parts of your body is you have one you check
His
Philosophy
Signals and alerts: references in writing a book that went on the doctrine of Aristotle and its proximity to a bit of religions, is the founder of the philosophical trend which defied belief and the idea of prophecy and the message of Islam used to say the old of world and the denial of re-denied the knowledge of God and his ability and character of the world and his resurrection in the grave.
Bin Sina and went doctrine of philosophers such as Abu Nasr Farabi the Turkish philosopher, and al-Farabi says bundling body not spiritual, and allocates bundling life scientist does not ignorant, with the doctrines of the violation of Muslim and philosophers of his predecessor, senior, and he turned that idea was supported by Bin Sina, was refuted by al-Ghazali Incoherence of the Philosophers in the twenty council has misbelieving in three cases, which is saying foot of the world, and not re-body, and saying that God does not know the details, and heresy in the residuum.
There is no doubt that accompanied the esoteric philosophers (Abu Abdullah, who taught him young) have influenced the thinking of Bin Sina, and prepared him for the role he played in the revitalization of philosophy and the current position taken by the challenge of the Islamic faith, and an example of this "theory of knowledge", which equated with the philosophers, prophets, singled out the advantage of other philosophers is that philosophers have continued to improve their message and their knowledge at the time concluded prophet Muhammad.
The call followed by the "al-alii" and said his article is the best known advocate Tusi named Mohammed bin Abdullah and said to him Khawaja Nasir al-Din, defeated the finest of the doctrine of Bin Sina, defending him and explain the signs and called it "Koran special", and is called the Holy Book "Koran Assembly", stated the Shahristani Massarath Bin Sina's book called Wrestling wrestler.
Healing
Science mechanism
Include books on logic, and damages which language books, poetry, science and medicine, and its language: the causes of the Lamb.
In science theory
And include the total science books, science divine, and Mathematical Science, and Psychiatry
In practical sciences
Include books on ethics, Housekeeping, and management of the city, and legislation.
Science speaker
Branches and affiliates, for example medicine practitioners of the consequences of natural science, music and science disciplines of the sport. Books on medicine months, Bin Sina Medical book of the law which has been translated and printed several times: and which has been studying at the universities of Europe until the late nineteenth century. It is also the book written by medical cardiovascular drugs, and the book to pay for college physical disadvantages of humanity, and the book Alcolnj, and a message in the policy body and the virtues of drink, and a message in anatomy, a message in the intake, and a message of food and medicines. Ibn Sina has Of leaves many other medical, including: Of leave in anatomy, and Of leave experimenters in medicine and medical Millennium famous translated and printed. Bin Sina has a valuable book on medicine is "the law", as defined by the collection of ancient medicine and is devised theories and discovered diseases, has collected more than seven hundred and sixty properties with the names of plants that brings them the property. And Bin Sina in the various diseases the most important stroke, meningitis, paralysis, organic, and paralysis resulting from the injury center in the brain, infection, tuberculosis, and transmission of sexual diseases, and abnormalities in human behavior and digestive system. He distinguished colic bladder, kidney colic and how to extract stone inflammation characterized them as crystal (a membrane lung) and meningitis, acute meningitis secondary.
In mathematics
Message Corner
Acronymic Euclid
Acronymic Alaratamatiqi
Acronymic aalm al- haiaa
Acronymic Almagest
Message in a statement that the bug land in the midst of heaven, printed in total (gamaa al- Bdaeaa), in Cairo in 1917
Comment Physical and accessories
Letter to invalidate the provisions of the stars
A message in a celestial top, the causes of lightning and thunder
Message in the space
Message in the plant and animal
Medicine
Book of the law in medicine which has been translated and printed several times and who has been studying at the universities of Europe until the late nineteenth century
Book cardiovascular medicine
The user to pay for college physical disadvantages of humanitarian
Book Alcolnj
Message in the policy body and the virtues of drink
Message in the anatomy
Message in the intake
Message in the Food and Drug
Of leaves medical
Of leave in anatomy
Of leave experimenters in medicine
Millennium Medical famous translated and printed
Music
Retrieved from mosques Musicology
Article in the music
And other articles
says about him
Professor George Sarton, "Bin Sina's greatest scholars of Islam Among the most famous international celebrities,"
Says Professor Sarton also "The thought of Bin Sina is the ideal of philosophy in the Middle Ages"
Says Dr. Khairallah said in his book values of Arabic medicine "and is difficult for us in this era to add something new about Bin Sina described the symptoms of bladder stones clinical"
Sir William Osler says of the book of the law of the Bin Sina "It was medical gospel for the longest period of time"
Ooparvik say about Bin Sina "It was worth the value of a thinker to fill his time ... and was a senior princes of humanity at all"
Al-Jazari’s full name is given at the start of his book He was al-Sheikh Ra’s al-Amyl Badi’ al-Zaman Abu al-‘Izz bin Isma’il bin al-Razzes al-Jazari The first three titles indicate that he was a chief engineer (Ra’s al-A’mal), and was unique and unrivalled, (Badi’ al-Zaman). The al-sheikh was a title of honor indicating that he was a learned and a dignified person.
The word ‘Al-Jazari’ indicates that his family came from Jazirat bin ‘Omar in Diyar Bakr. We do not know the date of his birth and our information about his life is obtained from his book.
Al-Jazari was in the service of three Artuqid rulers: Nur al-Din Muhammad bin Arslan (570-581/ 1174-1185), books al-Din Sukman bin Muhammad (681-697/ 1185-1200) and Nasser al-Din Mohamed bin Muhammad (597-619/ 1200-1222.).
It was in response to the request of Nasser al-Din Mohamed that al-Jazari wrote his book. He says in his introduction that he started his service at the Artuqid court in the year 570/1174, and that when he started writing the book he had already spent twenty five years in the service of Nur al-Din Muhammad, the father, and Books al-Din Sukman, the brother. From this information we conclude that probably al-Jazari started writing his book in the year 595/1198, two years before Nasser al-Din became king. From the Oxford manuscript we learn that al-Jazari finished writing his book on 4 Jumada the Second, 602/ 16 January 1206. The oldest extant copy (Topkapi Sarayi Libray, Ahmet III, 3472) was completed by Muhammad bin Yusuf bin ‘Othman al-Haskafi at the end of Sha’ban 602/ 10 April 1206. From al-Haskafi’s colophon we learn that al-Jazarī was not living at this date. We conclude besides, that he died in the year 602/1206, just few months after he had completed his work.
Amid, that is called now Diyar Bakr was on the left bank of the Tigris. Travelers who visited the city during the 11th century admired its buildings, its walls and its affluence. In 438/1046, Nasser Khusraw visited the city and wrote: ‘I have seen many cities and fortresses at the extremities of the world in the lands of the Arabs, Persians, Indians and Turks, and yet I have never seen anything comparable to Amid anywhere in the world; nor have I heard anyone claim that he had seen any place matching this glorious city’
During this period amid was prosperous, and it enjoyed a period of peace and stability. Thus al-Jazari lived in the court of the Artuqid kings under conditions favorable for the invention and construction of his machines and for writing.
Al-Jazari’s book:
The title of the oldest manuscript of al-Jazari’s book is: al-Jamia bayn al-ailm WA AI-amal, al-nafia fi sinaat al-hiyal (A Compendium on the Theory and Practice of the Mechanical Arts). The Arabic edition (of al-Hassan) carries this title. The English translation of Hill carries the title Book of Knowledge of Mechanical Devices. This translation was based mainly on MS Graves 27 of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, where the Arabic title is Kitab fi maarifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya. Between 1915 and 1921, Wiedemann and Hauser published in German a series of seven articles in which they covered the six categories using the Bodleian copy.
The book describes in detail fifty devices (ashkal), which are grouped into six categories (anwaa, singular kind). These are: 1) ten water and candle clocks; 2), ten vessels and figures suited for drinking sessions; 3), ten pitchers and basins for phlebotomy (faṣd ) and washing before prayers; 4), ten fountains that change their shape alternately, and machines for the perpetual flute; 5), five water raising machines; 6), five miscellaneous devices.
Each device or shakl is described in simple Arabic that is easy to understand, and each is accompanied by a general drawing. There are fifty of these and are numbered by the letters of the Arabic alphabet from one to fifty. For the complicated devices al-Jazari gave detailed drawings for the components of a device or for subassemblies so that the operation can be understood. There are a total of 174 drawings. An alphabet letter marks each part in a device. The text explains the construction of the device with the aid of the letters so that the reader can understand the device by reading the text and referring to the illustrations.
The published Arabic text enumerates fifteen manuscripts of al-Jazari’s book in world libraries with one only probably in private hands. One is a Persian translation. The best five manuscripts were used in arriving at the final printed text. The main one, however, was MS Ahmet III 3472 in the Topkapi Sarayi Librarary, Istanbul. This is the closest copy to the time when al-Jazari completed his writing in 602/1206.
The history of water clocks and ingenious devices before and after al-Jazari
The first water clocks in their simplest form were used by the ancient civilizations of Babylonia and Egypt.
About the developments that followed we have two historical reports. The known one in the histories of science is that of Vitruvious who said that Ctesibius, an Egyptian engineer and craftsman who worked in Alexandria about 250 BC, improved the design of the water clock.
The second report came from Ridwan bin al-Saati in his book and is not known to historians of science. Ridwan mentioned in his book that a man called Hormuz invented the mechanisms of the water clock that were used by his father in the construction of the Damascus clock. He says further that “the design [of Hormuz] continued in the land of Fares for a long time, and was transmitted from there to the land of the Greeks, and its construction spread out in the land until it was transmitted to Damascus, where it was constructed up to the days of the Byzantines and after that in the days of Banu Umayya, according to what is mentioned in the histories. This clock attributed to Hormuz continued to be reproduced by one man after another on this pattern, and it was in the shape that we described above”
The report of Ridwan seems credible, since he links the development of the water clock with both Iran and the Hellenistic world. His story is of great historical importance and it deserves the attention of research workers. We should remark here that the practice of water clocks was limited to the cities of Syria and Mesopotamia in the early centuries of Islam which gives support to Ridwan’s account.
The only public water clock known before Islam was erected in a public square in Gaza in the fifth century AD.
Automata in general were known before Islam. The first musical automaton is attributed to Ctesibius of Egypt. In Asia Minor, Philon of Byzantium who was a contemporary of Ctesibius wrote the first major treatise on ingenious devices. Philon’s work was continued and extended by Heron of Alexandria, who flourished in the middle of the first century AD.
The tradition of water clocks and ingenious devices of pre-Islamic lands was further developed under Islam. Monumental water clocks in Islamic cities continued to be installed. The Abbasid Caliphs were interested in clocks and ingenious devices. The story of the clock that was presented by Harun al-Rashid (170-193/786-809) to Charlemagne in 807 AD is well known. It is reported also that the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil was so obsessed with moving machines, that he favored the Banu Musa who wrote their famous book al-Hiyal during this period.
In Kiitab al-hayawan, al-Jahiẓ (160-253/776-867 AD) when discussing the measurement of time, says: “Our kings and scientists use the astrolabe by day and the binkamat (water clocks) by night”
Al-Khazini (flourished 515/1121) reported that Bin al-Haytham (354/965 - 450/1038) who was a noted engineer as well as a great scientist, described a water clock. In the same period historians reported that Nasser al Dawla of Diyar Bakr (d. 453/1061 AD) constructed a public binkamat (water clock) for the city of Mayyafariqin in the year 414/1012. This is 200 years before al-Jazari.
The technology of clock- making was transferred to Muslim Spain and to Al- Morocco. About the year 442/1050 AD, al-Zarqali constructed a large water clock on the banks of the Tagus River at Toledo in Spain. The clock was still in operation when the Christians occupied the city in 1085 AD. A treatise describing Andalusia monumental clocks was written in the eleventh century by bin Khalaf al-Mururadi. Water clocks were constructed for public places in al-Morocco. The remains of two public water clocks in Fās from the fourteenth century AD can still be seen.
An Arabic treatise of unknown date and authorship describes a monumental water-clock. It is attributed to a Pseudo-Archimedes but it is not listed among Archimedes works in any history of science. Hill thinks that part of it may be of Greek origin, but most of it being written by Arabic writers. Both Ridwan and al-Jazari mentioned it.
In Damascus, Muhammad al-Khurasani al-Saati (the clock-maker) built a monumental clock around 556/1160. Ridwan bin al-saati re-built the clock of his father and gave a detailed description of its construction in 600/1203. Al-Jazari was writing his book in amid at the same time.
The skills in constructing clocks and ingenious devices were also established in the eastern lands of Islam. We should remember that Muúammad al-Saati who constructed the monumental clock in Damascus came from Khurasan in 549/1154 and started constructing the clock shortly after his arrival. He was considered unrivalled in his skills in clock making. It is reported that the noted astronomer Ali Qushji who was in Maragha, wrote a treatise (tadhkira) on spiritual (or ingenious) machines.
The last important writer on the same subject was Taqi al-Din bin Maaruf who wrote a book on water clocks and ingenious machines in 1552 and another on mechanical clocks in 1556.
Evaluation of al-Jazari’s work
Al-Jazari’s book deals with a whole range of devices and machines, with a multiplicity of purposes. What they have in common is the considerable degree of engineering skill required for their manufacture, and the use of delicate mechanisms and sensitive control systems. Many of the ideas employed in the construction of ingenious devices were useful in the later development of mechanical technology.
About al-Jazari’s book Sarton says that “this treatise is the most elaborate of its kind and may be considered the climax of this line of Moslem achievement.” Hill concludes also that “until modern times there is no other document, from any cultural area, that provides a comparable wealth of instructions for the design, manufacture and assembly of machines”.
Al-Jazari inherited the knowledge of his predecessors, but he improved on their designs and added devices of his own invention. The merit of his book is that it was the only book to discuss such a large variety of devices and to present them with text and illustrations and dimensions so that a skilled craftsman is able to construct any device on the basis of al-Jazari’s description. In the World of Islam Festival in 1976 it was possible to construct three of al-Jazari’s machines under Hill’s supervision. They worked perfectly well. One was a monumental water clock which is exhibited now in the Natuuurmuseum Asten in the Netherlands. [The toy machine shown below incorporates several principles: the use of water power and water rising at the same time. An actual machine like this from the thirteenth century, was supplying water from river Yazid in Damascus to Bin al-‘Arabi’s mosque until recently, and can be seen until now. ]
Fig. 1
Many of al-Jazari’s components and techniques were useful in the development of modern mechanical engineering. These include the static balancing of large pulley wheels; calibration of orifices; use of wooden templates; use of paper models in design; lamination of timber to prevent warping; the grinding of the seats and plugs of valves together with emery powder to obtain a watertight fit; casting of brass and copper in closed mold boxes with greensand; use of tipping buckets that discharge their contents automatically; and the use of segmental gears.
Al-Jazari’s double acting piston pump is unique (Fig. 2). It is remarkable for three reasons1) it incorporates an effective means of converting rotary into reciprocating motion through the crank-connecting-rod mechanism; 2) it makes use of the double-acting principle and 3) it is the first pump known to have had true suction pipes.
Fig. 2
Al-Jazari occupies an important place in the history of automata, automatic control, robotics and automated musical theaters. His pioneering work is duly acknowledged in most histories.
The inventions of al-Jazari are a source of inspiration to modern designers such as the use of rolling balls to sound the hours on cymbals and operate automata. This concept is currently used in toys and other devices and their makers had registered patents in their names.
Al-Jazari described a combination lock. There are now in world museums three combination locks that were made in the same period of al-Jazari. Although they are simpler than the lock of al-Jazari yet they follow the same principle. Two were made around 597/1200 AD by Muhammad b. Hamid al-Asturlabi al-Isfahani and are located in Copenhagen and Boston. The third is in Maastricht. The first combination lock in Europe was described by Buttersworth in 1846 and the wheels of this lock are strikingly similar to the discs of al-Jazari.
All illustrations in al-Jazari’s book are in colour, and among the fifty main drawings are miniatures that are of great artistic merit. This resulted in the disappearance of some of these paintings from the manuscripts and they found their way to the international museums of art or to private collections.
Historians of art are of the opinion that there existed at the court of the Artuqids in Amid a school of painting that produced narrative paintings of great value Three of the existing al-Jazari’s manuscripts were illustrated by members of this school.
The illustrations of the book enable historians to study the clothing styles of men and women in Diyar Bakr in the thirteenth century, and some of their living habits. See the illustration below (Fig. 3) of the automated girl serving drinks.
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