In Baghdad, al-Khwarizmi established
the science of algebra and counterpoint in the early ninth century. During the
succession of Abu Jaafar al-Mansur, some of the works of the ancient
Alexandrian scholar Ptolemy T. were translated. 17 AD)، the
most important of which is his book known as “Almagest”. And the name of this
book in Greek is “EMEGAL MATHEMATIKE,” meaning the greatest book in arithmetic.
The book is an encyclopedia of knowledge in astronomy and mathematics. Muslim
scholars benefited from it and corrected some of its information and added to
it. On the Indian language, many works were translated, such as the famous
Indian book on astronomy and mathematics, Siddhanta, meaning “knowledge,
science, and doctrine.” The Arabic translation appeared during the reign of Abu
Jaafar al-Mansur under the title Al-Sind Hind. Muslims have the zero system, which
made Arab mathematicians solve many mathematical equations of various degrees.
It facilitated its use for all arithmetic work, and the numbering system rid
itself of complexity. The use of zero in arithmetic operations led to the
discovery of the decimal fraction, which was mentioned in the book Key to
Arithmetic by the mathematician Jamshid bin Mahmoud Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi (d.
840 AH, 1436 CE), and this
discovery was the real introduction to infinitely small arithmetic studies and operations.
Ibrahim al-Fazari extracted an astronomical arithmetic table showing the
positions of the stars and calculating their movements, which is known as
zigzag
Among the scholars of the House of
Wisdom in Baghdad was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (d. 232 AH 846
CE), whom al-Ma’mun entrusted with
writing a book on the science of algebra. Ibn Khaldun said: Algebra and
contrast (i.e. equation) are branches of the number sciences, and it is an
industry by which the unknown number is extracted from the known number if there
is a connection between them that requires that, then it is opposite each
other, and the fraction in it is forced until it becomes correct. Algebra is an
Arab science that the Arabs called it with a word from their language, and it
was Al-Khwarizmi who gave it this name that moved to European languages with
its Arabic word ALGEBRA. This book was translated into Latin in the year 1135 AD. He continued studying at universities in
Europe until the 16th century.
Arabic numerals also moved to Europe through translations of Al-Khwarizmi’s
books, which he called ALGORISMO in Latin, then ALGORISMO was modified to
denote the system of numbers, arithmetic and algebra, and the method of solving
mathematical problems. It has the name “Al-Sind Hind Al-Saghir”, and it combined
the doctrine of India, the doctrine of the Persians, and the doctrine of
Ptolemy (Egypt). West Mathematical Sciences was quoted as Arabs and developed.
And define the Abacus account: Abacus. Or Abacus. (Counting plate). It is a
frame with balls for manual counting. This painting was used by the Greeks,
Egyptians, Romans and some European countries before the arrival of the Arab
account in Europe in the thirteenth century. Addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division were carried out through the counting board. Ibn Al-Haytham
was also the first to extract the general formula for the sum of the arithmetic
sequences of the fourth degree (mathematics) in mathematics.
An old Arabic manuscript dating back
to the seventeenth century on geometry and astronomy
The Arabs worked with algebra and
were familiar with it in a scientific and organized manner, so that Kajuri
said: “The mind is amazed when it sees what the Arabs did in algebra…” Among
the most famous books that the Arabs wrote are: “Algebra and the Matching” by
Al-Khwarizmi, as well as the book of Khayyam, which he published (Wobek in the
year
1851 AD); The Arabs divided the equations into six
sections and developed solutions for each of them, and used symbols in
mathematical works and researched the binomial theory, and created a law to
find the sum of natural numbers, and dealt with deaf roots and paved the way
for the discovery of logarithms. In the thirteenth century A.D., the
mathematical sciences of the Arabs and others began to spread to Europe through
Andalusia, so they translated the writings of the Arabs in various sciences,
including algebra, so the monk Jordanes (about
1220 AD) replaced words in algebraic expressions with symbols, and his
contemporary Fibonaki did the same and wrote a book on arithmetic And
Principles of Algebra, he explained his influence on the writings of
Al-Khwarizmi and Abu Kamel, the two Arab worlds. In the sixteenth century,
scientists reached the solution of equations of the third and fourth degrees,
and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they reached impressive
results in their research on power series and their properties
.Among the most prominent achievements of Arab
Muslims in mathematics:
787 A.D. The numbers and the zero drawn in the form of a dot appeared in
Arabic literature before they appeared in Indian books.
830 AD, the Arabs gave this name to the science of algebra for the first
time.
835 A.D. Al-Khwarizmi used the term as-saam for the first time to refer to a
number that has no root.
888 A.D. Arab mathematicians laid the first building blocks of analytical
geometry, using geometry to solve algebraic equations.
912 AD Al-Battani used the sine instead of the double bowstring in measuring
angles for the first time.
1029 A.D. Arab mathematicians took advantage of plane and stereoscopic
geometry in light research for the first time in history.
1252 A.D. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi drew attention - for the first time - to
Euclid's mistakes in parallels.
1397 AD Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi invented decimal fractions.
1465 A.D. Abu al-Hasan al-Qurashi put for the first time symbols for the
science of algebra instead of words.
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