The science of tricks

 

The science of tricks is the Arabic name for what is called the science of mechanics, and its aim is to know how to obtain a great action with little effort, and that is why the Arabs called it tricks, the use of tricks in place of strength, the mind in place of muscles, and the machine instead of the body.

The values and morals of the message of Islam had a great role in prompting Muslims to pay attention to this science and to develop machines to provide more capabilities and energies. If other civilization relied on forced labor in obtaining benefits for the elites and upper classes of rulers, princes and people of prestige, then Islam forbade entrusting what is not required. Unbearable, and the exhaustion of servants and slaves, and even animals as well, so there was an urgent need to use machines that save effort and energy and achieve large production with minimal effort.

Al-Khwarizmi considered the science of tricks as one of the eight main sciences, and divided it into two branches: dragging weights with easy force, tricks of water movements, and the manufacture of wondrous utensils and the related craftsmanship of moving machines themselves.

 Among the most important books written in the science of tricks is the book “Al-Hil” by the sons of Musa bin Shaker, in the third century AH, and they formed a scientific team among themselves, and they wrote this book that contains a hundred mechanical structures with explanations and illustrations of operating and installation methods, eighty of which are of type Which the Arabs called "wonderful pots", which are devices that work automatically, and the rest are from the fountains that change their shapes automatically at certain periods of time, and from the lamps that feed themselves automatically and from other devices, including a mechanical bulldozer to pick things up from the bottom of the seas or rivers, and these devices were the nucleus that The science of cybernetics developed from it.

 And the book “The Combiner between Knowledge and Useful Action in the Industry of Tricks” by Badi’ Al-Zaman Abi Al-Ezz bin Ismail Al-Razzaz Al-Jazari, who lived in the sixth and seventh centuries AH, is also one of the important books in this field, and this book is considered the greatest book of its kind in mechanical engineering until modern times, This book included various designs for automatic clocks and levers; In which linear motion is transferred to circular motion by means of toothed gears, which is the basis on which modern motors are built.

 There is the book “Asrar fi Nahat al-Afkar” by Ahmed bin Khalaf al-Muradi, who lived in the fifth century AH. It includes an explanation of more than thirty types of mechanical machines, a highly developed sundial, and important parts about mills and water presses.

And the book “Sunni Methods of Spiritual Instruments” by Taqi al-Din ibn Ma’ruf al-Dimashqi, who lived in the tenth century AH. In this book, many mechanical devices are described; such as hourglasses, water and automatic machines, levers with pulleys, gears, water fountains, and spinning machines. This book is of special importance. As it was written in the era of the European renaissance, but the history of the book precedes the dates of books written in Europe on the same subject. The author of the book finished it in the year 1552 AD, i.e. before the book “Agricola” appeared in the year 1556 AD, and the book “Ramelli” in the year 1588 AD, and in the book “The Sunni Paths” he described mechanical machines before a similar description was given in Western references, and technology historians thought that the first description For these machines was in the books of Agricola and Ramelli.

It was confirmed that Muslim scholars preceded the laying down of sound scientific foundations for the three laws of motion formulated by Newton, and Muslims dealt with the laws of science of tricks or mechanics in a scientific way, not out of superstition, fortune-telling, and contact with the world of jinns and demons, or the supernatural powers of gods, as was happening in other nations in order to Controlling peoples and ensuring their service to a small class of rulers and soothsayers.

The exploits of Muslim scholars in the field of the science of tricks are one of the pages of the bright history of Muslims, which needs a new resurrection in which Muslims are interested in the various sciences of the universe in order to achieve civilizational progress that helps achieve the goodness of this nation, and qualifies for its survival in competition with the development of humanity.

Mathematics for Muslims

Al-Khwarizmi's Concise Book on Calculating Algebra and Contrast, one of the pages of the book
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In Baghdad, al-Khwarizmi established the science of algebra and counterpoint in the early ninth century. During the succession of Abu Jaafar al-Mansur, some of the works of the ancient Alexandrian scholar Ptolemy T. were translated. 17 AD)، the most important of which is his book known as “Almagest”. And the name of this book in Greek is “EMEGAL MATHEMATIKE,” meaning the greatest book in arithmetic. The book is an encyclopedia of knowledge in astronomy and mathematics. Muslim scholars benefited from it and corrected some of its information and added to it. On the Indian language, many works were translated, such as the famous Indian book on astronomy and mathematics, Siddhanta, meaning “knowledge, science, and doctrine.” The Arabic translation appeared during the reign of Abu Jaafar al-Mansur under the title Al-Sind Hind. Muslims have the zero system, which made Arab mathematicians solve many mathematical equations of various degrees. It facilitated its use for all arithmetic work, and the numbering system rid itself of complexity. The use of zero in arithmetic operations led to the discovery of the decimal fraction, which was mentioned in the book Key to Arithmetic by the mathematician Jamshid bin Mahmoud Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi (d. 840 AH, 1436 CE), and this discovery was the real introduction to infinitely small arithmetic studies and operations. Ibrahim al-Fazari extracted an astronomical arithmetic table showing the positions of the stars and calculating their movements, which is known as zigzag

Among the scholars of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (d. 232 AH 846 CE), whom al-Ma’mun entrusted with writing a book on the science of algebra. Ibn Khaldun said: Algebra and contrast (i.e. equation) are branches of the number sciences, and it is an industry by which the unknown number is extracted from the known number if there is a connection between them that requires that, then it is opposite each other, and the fraction in it is forced until it becomes correct. Algebra is an Arab science that the Arabs called it with a word from their language, and it was Al-Khwarizmi who gave it this name that moved to European languages with its Arabic word ALGEBRA. This book was translated into Latin in the year 1135 AD. He continued studying at universities in Europe until the 16th century. Arabic numerals also moved to Europe through translations of Al-Khwarizmi’s books, which he called ALGORISMO in Latin, then ALGORISMO was modified to denote the system of numbers, arithmetic and algebra, and the method of solving mathematical problems. It has the name “Al-Sind Hind Al-Saghir”, and it combined the doctrine of India, the doctrine of the Persians, and the doctrine of Ptolemy (Egypt). West Mathematical Sciences was quoted as Arabs and developed. And define the Abacus account: Abacus. Or Abacus. (Counting plate). It is a frame with balls for manual counting. This painting was used by the Greeks, Egyptians, Romans and some European countries before the arrival of the Arab account in Europe in the thirteenth century. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division were carried out through the counting board. Ibn Al-Haytham was also the first to extract the general formula for the sum of the arithmetic sequences of the fourth degree (mathematics) in mathematics.

An old Arabic manuscript dating back to the seventeenth century on geometry and astronomy

The Arabs worked with algebra and were familiar with it in a scientific and organized manner, so that Kajuri said: “The mind is amazed when it sees what the Arabs did in algebra…” Among the most famous books that the Arabs wrote are: “Algebra and the Matching” by Al-Khwarizmi, as well as the book of Khayyam, which he published (Wobek in the year 1851 AD); The Arabs divided the equations into six sections and developed solutions for each of them, and used symbols in mathematical works and researched the binomial theory, and created a law to find the sum of natural numbers, and dealt with deaf roots and paved the way for the discovery of logarithms. In the thirteenth century A.D., the mathematical sciences of the Arabs and others began to spread to Europe through Andalusia, so they translated the writings of the Arabs in various sciences, including algebra, so the monk Jordanes (about 1220 AD) replaced words in algebraic expressions with symbols, and his contemporary Fibonaki did the same and wrote a book on arithmetic And Principles of Algebra, he explained his influence on the writings of Al-Khwarizmi and Abu Kamel, the two Arab worlds. In the sixteenth century, scientists reached the solution of equations of the third and fourth degrees, and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they reached impressive results in their research on power series and their properties.

Among the most prominent achievements of Arab Muslims in mathematics:

787 A.D. The numbers and the zero drawn in the form of a dot appeared in Arabic literature before they appeared in Indian books.

830 AD, the Arabs gave this name to the science of algebra for the first time.

835 A.D. Al-Khwarizmi used the term as-saam for the first time to refer to a number that has no root.

888 A.D. Arab mathematicians laid the first building blocks of analytical geometry, using geometry to solve algebraic equations.

912 AD Al-Battani used the sine instead of the double bowstring in measuring angles for the first time.

1029 A.D. Arab mathematicians took advantage of plane and stereoscopic geometry in light research for the first time in history.

1252 A.D. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi drew attention - for the first time - to Euclid's mistakes in parallels.

1397 AD Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi invented decimal fractions.

1465 A.D. Abu al-Hasan al-Qurashi put for the first time symbols for the science of algebra instead of words.

صناعة الزجاج

صناعة الزجاج

مصانع الزجاج

في القرن الثامن الميلادي؛ تأسس أول مجمع صناعي لإنتاج الزجاج والخزف في مدينة الرقة السورية. جرت العديد من التجارب في ذاك المجمع البالغ طوله نحو 2 كم لتطوير زجاج عالي النقاوة، كما اكتشف موقعين مماثلين لهذا المجمع، فأصبح الزجاج في تلك المواقع الثلاث ينتج بطرق كيميائية مختلفة تصل إلى ثلاثمائة طريقة.

تأسست أول مصانع الزجاج في العالم الإسلامي بأيدي عمال مسلمين في القرن الثامن، في حين أن مصانع الزجاج في أوروبا بُنيت لاحقاً في القرن الحادي عشر على أيدي حرفيين مصريين من مدينة كورنث اليونانية

الزجاج الصافي الشفاف عالي النقاوة

أُنتجت أقدم نماذج الزجاج الصافي الشفاف عالي النقاوة من قبل المسلمين في القرن التاسع الميلادي، ومثال ذلك زجاج الكوارتز المنصهر الذي اخترعه عباس بن فرناس.

نوافذ بزجاج معشق ملون في مسجد ناصر الملا في مدينة شيراز في إيران.

الزجاج الملون والمعشق

أُنتج الزجاج المعشق لأول مرة من قبل المعماريين المسلمين في جنوب غرب آسيا باستعمال الزجاج الملون بدل الحجارة (التحجير). في القرن الثامن وصف العالم الكيميائي جابر بن حيان في كتابه «الدرة المكنونة» ستًا وأربعين طريقة لإنتاج الزجاج الملون، بالإضافة إلى اثني عشرة وصفة أخرى كتبها المراكشي في نسخ لاحقة من الكتاب

اللآلئ والأحجار الكريمة

وصف جابر بن حيان في كتاب «الدرة المكنونة» أول طريقة أو وصفة لإنتاج اللؤلؤ الصناعي، كما وصف طرق تنقية اللآلئ من الشوائب عند تغير لونها من البحر أو من الشحوم المختلفة

أما بالنسبة للأحجار الكريمة فقد وصف جابر أول طريقة لصباغة الأحجار الكريمة واللآلئ وتلوينها بلون اصطناعي كما وصف طريقة إنتاج الزجاج الملون عالي الجودة الذي كان يشذب إلى أحجار كريمة اصطناعية.^[

المرايا

وصفت مرايا القطع المكافئ (مرايا على شكل قطع مكافئ) لأول مرة من قبل ابن سهل في كتابه «عن الأدوات الحارقة» في القرن العاشر الميلادي، كما وصفت لاحقاً من قبل ابن الهيثم في كتابه عن المرايا الحارقة وكتاب المناظر عام 1021.

كما ناقش ابن الهيثم خواص المرايا المقعرة والمحدبة في الشكلين الأسطواني والكروي، ووصف المرايا الكروية ومرايا القطع المكافئ وأجرى عدداً من التجارب على المرايا، وأوجد حلاً لمشكلة تحديد نقطة على مرآة محدبة، والتي ينعكس عليها الشعاع الوارد من نقطة إلى نقطة أخرى. وبحلول القرن الحادي عشر بدأت صناعة المرايا من الزجاج النقي في الأندلس

زجاج الكوارتز والسيليكا

اخترع عباس بن فرناس (810-887) زجاج الكوارتز والسيليكا الشفاف عالي النقاوة، وكان أول من أنتج الزجاج من الرمل والصخور مثل الكوارتز المنصهر.